Formulas for monodromy
- Alan Stapledon1Email author
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40687-017-0097-x
© The Author(s) 2017
Received: 8 May 2016
Accepted: 30 January 2017
Published: 10 April 2017
Abstract
Given a family X of complex varieties degenerating over a punctured disk, one is interested in computing related invariants called the motivic nearby fiber and the refined limit mixed Hodge numbers, both of which contain information about the induced action of monodromy on the cohomology of a fiber of X. Our first main result is that the motivic nearby fiber of X can be computed by first stratifying X into locally closed subvarieties that are nondegenerate in the sense of Tevelev, and then applying an explicit formula on each piece of the stratification that involves tropical geometry. Our second main result is an explicit combinatorial formula for the refined limit mixed Hodge numbers in the case when X is a family of nondegenerate hypersurfaces. As an application, given a complex polynomial, then, under appropriate conditions, we give a combinatorial formula for the Jordan block structure of the action of monodromy on the cohomology of the Milnor fiber, generalizing a famous formula of Varchenko for the associated eigenvalues. In addition, we give a formula for the Jordan block structure of the action of monodromy at infinity.
Keywords
1 Introduction
Before introducing the main results of this paper, we first present an application. Let \(f(x_1, \ldots , x_n) \in \mathbb {C}[x_1, \ldots , x_n]\) be a complex polynomial with no constant term, and consider the induced map \(f: \mathbb {C}^n \rightarrow \mathbb {C}\). One would like to understand the singularity of \(f^{-1}(0) \subseteq \mathbb {C}^n\) at the origin (we assume this is an isolated singularity). A classical invariant used to distinguish the singularities arising from different polynomials is the action of monodromy on the cohomology of the associated Milnor fiber. In simple terms, this means associating to f a finite, square complex matrix \(M_f\) that is well defined up to change of basis. We assume that f is ‘general’ in the sense that it is nondegenerate with respect to its Newton polyhedron \(\Gamma _+(f)\), and also that it is convenient (see Sect. 6.3). The most famous result was proved by Varchenko in 1976 [61], who gave an explicit combinatorial formula for the eigenvalues (with multiplicity) of \(M_f\), involving alternating signs of volumes of polytopes associated with \(\Gamma _+(f)\). Unfortunately, since \(M_f\) is rarely diagonalizable, it is not, in general, determined by its eigenvalues. We are left with the problem of giving combinatorial formulas for the numbers \(J_{k,\alpha }\) of Jordan blocks of \(M_f\) of size k with eigenvalue \(\alpha \). Using tropical geometry, together with weighted Ehrhart theory, which involves the enumerative combinatorics of lattice points in dilates of polytopes, we settle this question:
Theorem 1.1
(Corollary 6.22) Let \(f \in \mathbb {C}[x_1,\ldots , x_n]\) be a complex polynomial such that \(f^{-1}(0)\) admits an isolated singularity at the origin. Assume further that f is convenient and nondegenerate with respect to its Newton polyhedron \(\Gamma _+(f)\). Then there are explicit, nonnegative combinatorial formulas for the numbers \(J_{k,\alpha }\), involving the weighted Ehrhart theory of polytopes associated with \(\Gamma _+(f)\).
We refer the reader to Corollary 6.22 for the specific formulas. By a ‘nonnegative’ formula, we mean that each \(J_{k,\alpha }\) is expressed as a sum of nonnegative integers. By summing over k, we obtain a nonnegative formula for the multiplicities of the eigenvalues of \(M_f\), which is equivalent to Varchenko’s formula (Remark 6.19). Using different techniques, special cases of formulas for the \(J_{k,\alpha }\) have previously been proved by Matsui and Takeuchi [40] and van Doorn and Steenbrink [60], and an algorithm to compute the numbers \(J_{k,\alpha }\) involving simplicial resolutions of toric varieties was proved by Matsui and Takeuchi in [40], extending work of Danilov [13] and Tanabé [58]. We note that algorithms in a more general setting are given by Schulze in [49].
The theorem above is a corollary of more general results that we will outline in the remainder of the introduction. Given a family of varieties \(f:X\rightarrow \mathbb {D}^*\) over a complex disk, Denef and Loeser [17] associate an invariant \(\psi _X\) called the motivic nearby fiber, which contains information about the variation of Hodge structures associated with the degeneration. In particular, if we fix a nonzero fiber \(X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}} := f^{-1}(t)\) for some sufficiently small \(t \in \mathbb {D}^*\), then \(\psi _X\) encodes information on the induced monodromy map \(T: H^m_c(X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}}) \rightarrow H^m_c(X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})\), which is a linear operator on the complex cohomology with compact supports of \(X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}}\) and is quasi-unipotent, i.e., \(T = T_sT_u\), where \(T_s\) and \(T_u\) commute, \(T_s\) is semi-simple and has finite order, and \(T_u\) is unipotent. In [30], Eric Katz and the author showed that one can use tropical geometry to concretely compute a specialization of \(\psi _X\) that is invariant under base change, and hence encodes information about \(T_u\) but not \(T_s\). Using new combinatorics developed in [29], in the case of families of schön complex hypersurfaces of tori, explicit combinatorial formulas were then deduced for the refined limit mixed Hodge numbers, which, in particular, determine the Jordan block structure of the action of \(T_u\) on the graded pieces (with respect to the Deligne weight filtration) of \(H^m_c(X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})\). Here schön is a ‘generic’ condition introduced by Tevelev [59], generalizing the notion of nondegeneracy of a hypersurface of a complex torus [33]. Equivalent formulas were also given for the action of \(T_u\) on the intersection cohomology groups of a family of schön hypersurfaces of a projective toric variety.
The goal of this note is to extend the above results to the full generality of the motivic nearby fiber \(\psi _X\) and monodromy operator T. Our first main result is to show that the motivic nearby fiber may be computed using tropical geometry (see Sect. 3). A key point is that since there is a range of available software implementing the main algorithms in tropical geometry [26, 27], our main formula Theorem 3.2 can be computed in practice.
Weighted Ehrhart theory was introduced by the author in [52] both in order to extend and reprove many results in Ehrhart theory, the study of enumeration of lattice points in polytopes, and in order to give explicit computations of motivic integrals on toric stacks [53]. Roughly speaking, one associates with every lattice point v a ‘weight’ w(v) in \(\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}\) and then attempts to enumerate lattice points in polytopes keeping track of the associated weights. Extending work in [29], in Sect. 4.4, we associate new Ehrhart-theoretic invariants to a pair \((P,\nu )\), where P is a lattice polytope and \(\nu \) is the convex graph of an integral height function on P. In particular, we introduce the weighted refined limit mixed \(h^*\) -polynomial \(h^*(P,\nu ;u,v,w) \in \mathbb {Z}[\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}][u,v,w]\). Roughly speaking, our second main result states that if \(X^\circ \) is a family of schön complex hypersurfaces of tori, then the associated equivariant refined limit mixed Hodge numbers are precisely the coefficients of \(h^*(P,\nu ;u,v,w)\) (Theorem 5.7, Corollary 5.12), where \((P,\nu )\) is the Newton polytope and associated convex graph associated with \(X^\circ \). In particular, this gives combinatorial formulas for the Jordan block structure of the action of T on the graded pieces (with respect to the Deligne weight filtration) of \(H^m_c(X^\circ _{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})\). Equivalent formulas are also given for the equivariant refined limit mixed Hodge numbers associated with the intersection cohomology groups of a family of schön hypersurfaces of a projective toric variety (Theorem 5.9, Corollary 5.12). In Example 5.13, we express these invariants in a special case in terms of dimensions of orbifold cohomology [11, 12] of a toric stack [4]. It would be interesting to have an explanation of this fact involving ‘mirror symmetry’.
As a special case of the above result, in Theorem 5.11, we give a formula for the equivariant Hodge–Deligne polynomial of a schön complex hypersurface of a torus invariant under the action of an element of the torus of finite order. An algorithm to determine this polynomial had previously been given by Matsui and Takeuchi in [39], generalizing an algorithm of Danilov and Khovanskiĭ in the nonequivariant setting [14]. Moreover, the above formula reduces to a formula of Borisov and Mavlyutov [5] in the nonequivariant setting, which itself is a simplification of a formula of Batyrev and Borisov [3].
We next present some applications to the monodromy of complex polynomials. Let \(f(x_1, \ldots , x_n) \in \mathbb {C}[x_1, \ldots , x_n]\) be a complex polynomial. It is well known that there exists a minimal finite subset \(B_f \subseteq \mathbb {C}\), such that \(f: \mathbb {C}^n \rightarrow \mathbb {C}\) is a locally trivial fibration away from \(B_f\). Then monodromy defines an action of the fundamental group \(\pi _1(\mathbb {C}\smallsetminus B_f)\) on the cohomology of a fixed generic fiber of f. On the one hand, we are interested in the monodromy action induced by moving anti-clockwise around a small loop around an element of \(b \in B_f\). After translating f by a constant, we may assume that \(b = 0\), and then the resulting action is called monodromy at 0. On the other hand, choose \(R > 0\) sufficiently large such that \(B_f\) is strictly contained in \(\{ z \in \mathbb {C}\mid |z| = R \}\). Then the monodromy action on cohomology induced by moving clockwise around such a loop is called the monodromy at infinity of f, and a fundamental result of Dimca and Némethi [18] states that monodromy at infinity essentially determines the monodromy action of \(\pi _1(\mathbb {C}\smallsetminus B_f)\). We assume that f is convenient in the sense that its Newton polytope has nonzero intersection with each ray through a coordinate vector [34]. Then under certain schönness (also called ‘nondegeneracy’) conditions, we give explicit combinatorial formulas that essentially completely describe both monodromy at 0 (Example 6.7) and monodromy at infinity (Example 6.8). In particular, we deduce ‘nonnegative’ combinatorial formulas for both the equivariant limit mixed Hodge numbers associated with monodromy at infinity (Corollary 6.13) and the Jordan block structure of monodromy at infinity (Corollary 6.14). Algorithms to compute the latter invariants were given by Matsui and Takeuchi in [39]. Also, these formulas specialize to known formulas for the spectrum at infinity of f [39, Theorem 5.11] and zeta function at infinity of f [35]. We note that some of the above results may be extended without the assumption that f is convenient (see Remark 6.1). We also present analogous ‘local’ results for the Milnor fiber of a polynomial f with an isolated singularity at the origin, including combinatorial formulas for both the corresponding equivariant limit mixed Hodge numbers, and, as outlined at the beginning of this introduction, the Jordan block structure of the action of monodromy on the cohomology of the Milnor fiber.
Finally, we mention some possible generalizations of the above results that we expect will follow by similar methods. Firstly, using the ‘Cayley trick’ of Danilov and Khovanskiĭ [14, Section 6], one may extend our results on hypersurfaces to the case of complete intersections. In particular, in the case of the monodromy at infinity and monodromy of the cohomology of the Milnor fiber, one may obtain explicit formulas that extend algorithms given by Esterov and Takeuchi in [23]. Secondly, in the case when f is not convenient, one may use the results above to obtain formulas extending algorithms of Takeuchi and Tibar in [57]. Lastly, analogous formulas to those in Sect. 6.3 for families of hypersurfaces of an affine toric variety (rather than simply affine space) may be obtained using the setup and results of Steenbrink in [56].
1.1 Organization of the paper
This paper is structured as follows. In Sect. 2, we review the necessary geometric background. In Sect. 3, we show how to compute the motivic nearby fiber using tropical geometry. In Sect. 4, we review the necessary combinatorial background before introducing our main combinatorial invariants. In Sect. 5, we prove our combinatorial formulas for geometric invariants associated with degenerations of hypersurfaces. Finally, in Sect. 6, we apply our results to deduce formulas for invariants associated with the monodromy of complex polynomials.
Notation and conventions All cohomology has complex coefficients. If N is a lattice, then \(N_\mathbb {R}= N \otimes _\mathbb {R}\mathbb {R}\). We identify the group \(\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}\) with the group \({\mathbb {S}}^1_\mathbb {Q}\) of rational points on the circle \(\{ z \in \mathbb {C}\mid |z| = 1 \}\), sending \([k] \in \mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}\) to \(\alpha = e^{2 \pi \sqrt{-1}k} \in {\mathbb {S}}^1_\mathbb {Q}\). We fix \(\mathbb {K}= \mathbb {C}(t)\). A variety X over \(\mathbb {K}\) is naturally interpreted as a complex variety with a morphism \(f:X\rightarrow \mathbb {D}^*\), for some sufficiently small punctured complex disk \(\mathbb {D}^*\) around the origin, and \(X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}} := f^{-1}(t)\) denotes a fixed fiber for some choice of \(t \in \mathbb {D}^*\).
2 Geometry of degenerations
In this section we briefly recall the notion of the motivic nearby fiber and its associated geometry. We refer the reader to Bittner [7], Peters [43] and Peters and Steenbrink [44] for details. A similar exposition is given in the nonequivariant setting in [30, Section 3].
2.1 The equivariant Grothendieck ring
Suppose that G is a finite group. An (algebraic) action of G on a variety over k is good if every orbit lies in an open affine subvariety. Then we may similarly define \(\widetilde{K}_0^{G}({{\mathrm{Var}}}_k)\) to be the free abelian group generated by isomorphism classes [V] of varieties V over k together with a good action of G, modulo the relation \([V] = [U] + [V \smallsetminus U]\), whenever U is a G-invariant open subvariety of V. The equivariant Grothendieck ring \(K_0^{G}({{\mathrm{Var}}}_k)\) is the quotient of \(\widetilde{K}_0^{G}({{\mathrm{Var}}}_k)\) by the relation \([\mathbb {P}(V) \circlearrowleft G] = [\mathbb {P}^n \times (X \circlearrowleft G)]\), where \(V \rightarrow X\) is a vector bundle of rank \(n + 1\) with a good G-action that is linear over a good G-action on X. Here \(\mathbb {P}(V)\) denotes the projectivization of V with induced G-action, and \(\mathbb {P}^n\) admits a trivial G-action. A group homomorphism \(G \rightarrow H\) induces a ring homomorphism \(K_0^{H}({{\mathrm{Var}}}_k) \rightarrow K_0^{G}({{\mathrm{Var}}}_k)\) by restriction. In particular, \(K_0^{G}({{\mathrm{Var}}}_k)\) is a module over \(K_0({{\mathrm{Var}}}_k)\), and forgetting the action of G gives a ring homomorphism \(K_0^{G}({{\mathrm{Var}}}_k) \rightarrow K_0({{\mathrm{Var}}}_k)\). We will follow the convention that \(\mathbb {L}:= [\mathbb {A}^1]\) is the class of the affine line with trivial G-action. A motivic invariant is a ring homomorphism \(K_0^{G}({{\mathrm{Var}}}_k) \rightarrow R\), for some ring R.
Remark 2.1
Suppose that a finite group G acts linearly on a k-vector space V of dimension \(n + 1\), i.e., V is a representation of G. Then taking \(X = {{\mathrm{pt}}}\) in the condition above, we see that \([\mathbb {P}(V)] = [\mathbb {P}^n] = \mathbb {L}^n + \mathbb {L}^{n - 1} + \cdots + 1 \in K_0^{G}({{\mathrm{Var}}}_k)\).
Now assume that \(k = \mathbb {C}\) and identify \(\mu _n \cong \mathbb {Z}/n\mathbb {Z}\) with the group of \(n^{\text {th}}\) roots of unity in \(\mathbb {C}\) generated by \(\exp (2 \pi \sqrt{-1} i/n)\). The epimorphisms \(\mu _{nd} \rightarrow \mu _n, \zeta \mapsto \zeta ^d\) give rise to a projective limit \(\widehat{\mu } = \varprojlim \mu _n\). If g is an element of a group G of finite order, then we have a well-defined group homomorphism \(\widehat{\mu } \rightarrow \mu _n \rightarrow G\) sending \(\exp (2 \pi \sqrt{-1} i/n) \mapsto g\) whenever \(g^n = 1\). In this way, group actions of elements of finite order give rise to group actions of \(\widehat{\mu }\).
A good \(\widehat{\mu }\) -action on a complex variety is an action of \(\widehat{\mu }\) induced by a good \(\mu _n\)-action for some \(n > 0\). The equivariant Grothendieck ring \(K_0^{\widehat{\mu } }({{\mathrm{Var}}}_\mathbb {C})\) is defined similarly as above, and coincides with the direct limit of the restriction maps \(K_0^{\mu _{n}}({{\mathrm{Var}}}_\mathbb {C}) \rightarrow K_0^{\mu _{nd}}({{\mathrm{Var}}}_\mathbb {C})\) induced by the epimorphisms \(\mu _{nd} \rightarrow \mu _n, \zeta \mapsto \zeta ^d\).
Example 2.2
Let \(v = (v_1, \ldots , v_n) \in \mathbb {Q}^n\). Then multiplication by \((e^{2 \pi \sqrt{-1}v_1}, \ldots , e^{2 \pi \sqrt{-1}v_n})\) gives a good \(\widehat{\mu }\)-action on \((\mathbb {C}^*)^n\). This action extends to \(\mathbb {P}^n\), which admits a natural stratification into tori each invariant under \(\widehat{\mu }\), and it follows from Remark 2.1 and induction on dimension that \([(\mathbb {C}^*)^n \circlearrowleft \widehat{\mu }] = (\mathbb {L}- 1)^n \in K_0^{\widehat{\mu } }({{\mathrm{Var}}}_\mathbb {C})\).
2.2 The motivic nearby fiber
2.3 Motivic invariants
Remark 2.3
Consider the \(\mathbb {Z}\)-algebra involution on \(\mathbb {Z}[\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}]\) defined by setting \(\overline{[k]} = [-k]\), corresponding to complex conjugation on the circle. This extends coefficient-wise to an involution on a polynomial ring with coefficients in \(\mathbb {Z}[\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}]\) that we will refer to as conjugation.
Remark 2.4
Consider the natural \(\mathbb {Z}\)-algebra homomorphism \(\mathbb {Z}[\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}] \rightarrow \mathbb {Z}, [k] \mapsto 1\). One may apply this homomorphism below to get invariants with coefficients in \(\mathbb {Z}\) rather than \(\mathbb {Z}[\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}]\). The corresponding diagram of invariants above over \(\mathbb {Z}\) is explained in detail in [30, Section 3].
Remark 2.5
Recall that a variety X over \(\mathbb {K}\) is naturally interpreted as a complex variety with a morphism \(f:X\rightarrow \mathbb {C}^* \smallsetminus \{ b_1, \ldots , b_r \}\), for some points \(b_1,\ldots , b_r\). Restricting X to a family over a sufficiently small punctured complex disk centered at the origin, and fixing a fiber \(X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}} := f^{-1}(t)\) and counter-clockwise orientation around the disk, there exists a quasi-unipotent monodromy map \(T = T_sT_u: H^m_c(X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}}; \mathbb {C}) \rightarrow H^m_c(X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}}; \mathbb {C})\), where \(T_s\) is semi-simple and \(T_u\) is unipotent. Then the cohomology groups \(H_c^m(X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})\) admit a weight filtration \(M_\bullet \) called the monodromy weight filtration, and \(T_s\) acts preserving the filtrations \((F^\bullet ,M_\bullet , W_\bullet )\). We will write \(H_c^m(X_{\infty })\) to denote \(H_c^m(X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})\) with the filtrations \((F^\bullet ,M_\bullet ,W_\bullet )\). The filtrations \((F^\bullet ,M_\bullet )\) induce a mixed Hodge structure on \(H_c^m (X_{\infty })\), and the nilpotent operator \(N = \log T_u\) is a morphism of mixed Hodge structures of type \((-1,-1)\). The corresponding invariants \(h^{p,q}(H_c^m (X_{\infty }))_\alpha \) are called the equivariant limit mixed Hodge numbers, and the corresponding equivariant Hodge polynomial \(E(X_\infty , \widehat{\mu };u,v) \in \mathbb {Z}[\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}][u,v]\) is called equivariant limit Hodge–Deligne polynomial. A deep result of Denef and Loeser states that this is a specialization of the motivic nearby fiber in the sense that \(E(X_\infty ,\widehat{\mu };u,v) = E_{\widehat{\mu }}(\psi _X)\). As in Remark 2.4, we may consider the corresponding invariants over \(\mathbb {Z}\), i.e., the limit mixed Hodge numbers and limit Hodge–Deligne polynomial.
Before proceeding, we recall the following standard linear algebra construction.
Definition 2.6
- (1)
\(A( V_k ) \subseteq V_{k - 2}\),
- (2)
the induced map \(A^k: Gr_{r + k} V \rightarrow Gr_{r - k} V\) is an isomorphism,
Remark 2.7
With the notation above, since N(r) is a morphism of mixed Hodge structures of type \((-1,-1)\), the isomorphisms (2) in Definition 2.6 imply that for \(0 \le j \le r\), the sequence \(\{ h^{i+ j,i,r}(H_c^m(X_{\infty }))_\alpha \mid 0 \le i \le r -j \}\) is symmetric and unimodal.
Remark 2.8
Example 2.9
If V is a complex variety and \(X = V \times _\mathbb {C}\mathbb {K}\), then X may be regarded as a trivial family over \(\mathbb {D}^*\). In this case, N is identically zero, \(M_\bullet \) coincides with the Deligne filtration \(W_\bullet \), and \(E(X_\infty ,\widehat{\mu };u,v,w) = E(V;uw,vw)\).
Example 2.10
3 Tropical geometry
In this section we prove our formula for the motivic nearby fiber. The nonequivariant version of this result is [30, Theorem 1.2]. We continue with the notation of the previous section. In particular, \(\mathbb {K}= \mathbb {C}(t)\).
A variety X over \(\mathbb {K}\) is very affine if it admits a closed embedding \(X \subseteq (\mathbb {K}^*)^n\) for some n. Tevelev introduced the notion of a schön, very affine variety. A closed subvariety \(X^\circ \subseteq (\mathbb {K}^*)^n\) is schön if \({{\mathrm{in}}}_w X^\circ \subseteq (\mathbb {C}^*)^n\) is a smooth (reduced) subvariety for every \(w \in \mathbb {R}^n\) [25, Prop 3.9]. A very affine variety X over \(\mathbb {K}\) is schön if it admits a schön closed embedding \(X \subseteq (\mathbb {K}^*)^n\) for some n (cf. [37, Lemma 2.11]). Note that a complex variety V may be viewed via base change as a variety over \(\mathbb {K}\), and hence we may consider the same notions. The definition of schön for a hypersurface of a complex torus agrees with the notion of nondegeneracy with respect to the Newton polytope [33].
Example 3.1
Consider the variety \(X^\circ = \{ \sum _{i = 1}^n x_i^{m_i} = t^e \} \subseteq (\mathbb {K}^*)^n\), for some \(m_i \in \mathbb {Z}_{>0}\) and \(e \in \mathbb {Z}\). Let \(e_1, \ldots , e_n\) denote the standard basis vectors of \(\mathbb {R}^n\). Then \(X^\circ \subseteq (\mathbb {K}^*)^n\) is schön and \({{\mathrm{Trop}}}(X^\circ ) \subseteq \mathbb {R}^n\) is the affine translation by \((e/m_1, \ldots , e/m_n)\) of the \((n-1)\)-dimensional fan with cones spanned by subsets of size at most \(n - 1\) of \(\{e_1, \ldots , e_n, -e_1/m_1 - \cdots -e_n/m_n \}\). Let \(w = (e/m_1, \ldots , e/m_n)\). Then \(\widehat{\mu }\) acts on \({{\mathrm{in}}}_w X^\circ = \{ \sum _{i = 1}^n x_i^{m_i} = 1 \} \subseteq (\mathbb {C}^*)^n\) via multiplication by \((e^{2\pi \sqrt{-1} e/m_1}, \ldots ,e^{2\pi \sqrt{-1} e/m_n})\). Considering \(X^\circ \) as a family \(f: X^\circ \rightarrow \mathbb {A}^1\), for \(0 \le a \le 1\), multiplication by \((e^{2\pi \sqrt{-1} ae/m_1}, \ldots ,e^{2\pi \sqrt{-1} ae/m_n})\) induces an isomorphism between \(f^{-1}(1)\) and \(f^{-1}(e^{2\pi \sqrt{-1} a})\). We deduce that the action of \(\widehat{\mu }\) coincides with the action of monodromy induced by moving anti-clockwise around the unit circle (more generally, see Example 5.6).
Theorem 3.2
Proof
We first recall the relevant geometric setting, as described in [25, Sections 1,2]. We refer the reader to [24] for the appropriate background on toric geometry.
After possibly replacing \(\widetilde{\Sigma }\) with a smooth fan refinement, and replacing \(\Sigma \) with \(\widetilde{\Sigma } \cap (N_\mathbb {R}\times \{ 1 \})\), we may assume that \(\mathbb {P}\) is smooth and the central fiber \({\mathcal {X}}_0\) is a simple normal crossings divisor. Let \(\{v_1, \ldots , v_s \}\) denote the vertices of \(\gamma \). Then \({\mathcal {X}}_0\) has irreducible components \(\{ D_1, \ldots , D_s \}\) with multiplicities \(\{ m_1, \ldots , m_s \}\), respectively, where \(m_i\) is the smallest positive integer m such that \(mv_i \in N\). For every nonempty subset \(I \subseteq \{ 1,\ldots s \}\), let \(\gamma _I\) be the bounded cell of \(\Sigma \) given by the convex hull of \(\{ v_i \mid i \in I \}\). Observe that every bounded cell appears in this way. As above, \(D_I^\circ = \cap _{i \in I} D_i \smallsetminus \cup _{j \notin I} D_j = V^\circ _\gamma \) admits an \(\mu _{m_\gamma }\)-covering \(\widetilde{V}^\circ _\gamma \rightarrow V^\circ _\gamma \) corresponding to the action of multiplication by \(\exp (2\pi \sqrt{-1} [-\gamma ])\). It follows from the fact that \(C_\gamma \) is a smooth cone in \(N \times \mathbb {Z}\) that \(m_\gamma = \gcd (m_i \mid i \in I )\). The result now follows from (5) above together with the definition of the motivic nearby fiber given in (2). \(\square \)
Remark 3.3
It is a corollary of the proof above that in the statement of Theorem 3.2, one may consider the action on \({{\mathrm{in}}}_\gamma X^\circ \subseteq (\mathbb {C}^*)^n\) to be induced by multiplication by \(\exp (2\pi \sqrt{-1} w)\) for any fixed choice of \(w \in \mathbb {Q}^n\) in the affine span of \(\gamma \).
We will see interesting examples of the above theorem in Sect. 5 and Sect. 6. For the moment, we have the following simple example.
Example 3.4
Following on with Example 3.1, let \(X^\circ = \{ \sum _{i = 1}^n x_i^{m_i} = t^e \} \subseteq (\mathbb {K}^*)^n\) for some \(m_i \in \mathbb {Z}_{>0}\) and \(e \in \mathbb {Z}\). Then \(\psi _{X^\circ } = [\{ \sum _{i = 1}^n x_i^{m_i} = 1 \} \subseteq (\mathbb {C}^*)^n \circlearrowleft \widehat{\mu }]\), with \(\widehat{\mu }\)-action induced by multiplication by \((e^{2\pi \sqrt{-1} e/m_1}, \ldots ,e^{2\pi \sqrt{-1} e/m_n})\). If \(X= \{ \sum _{i = 1}^n x_i^{m_i} = t^e \} \subseteq \mathbb {K}^n\) denotes the closure of \(X^\circ \) in \(\mathbb {K}^n\), then \(\psi _{X} = [\{ \sum _{i = 1}^n x_i^{m_i} = 1 \} \subseteq \mathbb {C}^n \circlearrowleft \widehat{\mu }]\), with action again given by multiplication by \((e^{2\pi \sqrt{-1} e/m_1}, \ldots ,e^{2\pi \sqrt{-1} e/m_n})\). As in Example 3.1, the above action coincides with the action induced by monodromy.
4 The combinatorics of height functions
In this section, we present the relevant combinatorics of this paper. Weighted Ehrhart theory was introduced by the author in [52] both in order to extend and reprove many results in Ehrhart theory, the study of enumeration of lattice points in polytopes, and in order to give explicit computations of motivic integrals on toric stacks [53]. We present a generalization of this theory below using an extension of Stanley’s theory of subdivisions [51] presented in [29]. For brevity, we will only present the relevant results and refer the reader to [29] and [52] for details of proofs.
4.1 Eulerian posets
We first recall some basic notions on Eulerian posets. Consider a finite poset B containing a minimal element \(\widehat{0}\) and a maximal element \(\widehat{1}\). For any pair \(z \le x\) in B, we can consider the interval \([z,x] = \{ y \in B \mid z \le y \le x \}\). Assume that B is graded in the sense that for every \(x \in B\), every maximal chain in the interval \([\widehat{0},x]\) has the same length \(\rho (x)\). We call \(\rho : B \rightarrow \mathbb {N}\) the rank function of B, and call \(\rho (\widehat{1})\) the rank of B. Then B is Eulerian if every interval [z, x] with \(z < x\) has as many elements of odd rank as even rank.
Example 4.1
The poset of faces of a polytope P (including the empty face) is an Eulerian poset under inclusion, with \(\rho (Q) = \dim Q + 1\), for any face Q of P. Throughout this paper, the empty polytope has dimension \(-1\).
Example 4.2
If B is a poset, then \(B^*\) is the poset with the same elements as B and all orderings reversed. In particular, B is Eulerian if and only if \(B^*\) is Eulerian.
The g -polynomial of an Eulerian poset is defined recursively and was introduced by Stanley [51, Corollary 6.7].
Definition 4.3
Example 4.4
By considering the leading terms above, we see that g(B; t) has constant term 1, and linear term \(\# \{ x \in B \mid \rho (x) = 1 \} - n\).
Example 4.5
One can verify that \(g(B;t) = 1\) if and only if B is the Boolean algebra on r elements for some r [6, Remark 4.2].
We will need the following theorem of Stanley.
Theorem 4.6
4.2 Polyhedral subdivisions
A polyhedral subdivision of a polytope \(P\subseteq \mathbb {R}^n\) is a subdivision of P into a finite number of polytopes such that the intersection of any two polytopes is a (possibly empty) face of both. A polyhedral subdivision is a rational (respectively, lattice) subdivision if each polytope has rational (respectively, integral) vertices. A natural class of lattice polyhedral subdivisions are the regular lattice subdivisions. They are induced by a function \(\omega : S \rightarrow \mathbb {Z}\), called an integral height function, for some finite subset \(S \subseteq P \cap \mathbb {Z}^n\) containing the vertices of P. The cells of the subdivision are the projections of the bounded faces of the convex hull \({\text {UH}}\) of \(\{ (u, \lambda ) \mid u \in S, \lambda \ge \omega (u) \} \subseteq \mathbb {R}^n \times \mathbb {R}\). The bounded faces of \({\text {UH}}\) form the graph of a function \(\nu : P \rightarrow \mathbb {R}\), called the convex graph of \(\omega \). Note that \(\nu |_S\) is not necessarily the same as \(\omega |_S\). Let \(\mathcal {S}(\nu )\) denote the regular lattice polyhedral subdivision induced by \(\omega \). Then \(\nu \) is convex and piecewise \(\mathbb {Q}\)-affine with respect to \(\mathcal {S}(\nu )\), and takes integer values on the vertices of \(\mathcal {S}(\nu )\). Conversely, if \(\nu : P \rightarrow \mathbb {R}\) is a convex function that is piecewise \(\mathbb {Q}\)-affine with respect to a lattice polyhedral subdivision \(\mathcal {S}\), such that \(\nu \) takes integer values on the vertices of \(\mathcal {S}\), then the restriction of \(\nu \) to the vertices of \(\mathcal {S}\) is an integral height function such that \(\nu \) is the corresponding convex graph and \(\mathcal {S}\) is a refinement of \(\mathcal {S}(\nu )\). For more details, including the general definition of a regular polyhedral subdivision, see [31, 36].
We will need the following two closely related polynomials. In the case \(F = \emptyset \), the local h-polynomial defined below was introduced by Stanley in [51, Corollary 7.7]. In the case of a triangulation of a simplex, it was introduced by Athanasiadis [1, 2], and the general case of a polyhedral subdivision of a polytope was first considered by Nill and Schepers [41], where it was called the ‘relative local h-polynomial’. A more general definition of the local h-polynomial appears in [29, Definition 4.1].
Definition 4.7
Example 4.8
If \(\mathcal {S}\) is the trivial subdivision of P, with cells of \(\mathcal {S}\) given by the faces of P, then one can verify that \(h({{\mathrm{lk}}}_{\mathcal {S}}(Q);t) = g([Q,P];t)\) and \(l_P(\mathcal {S},Q;t) = 0\) whenever Q is a (possibly empty) proper face of P.
We state some properties of these polynomials below. The nonnegativity of the g-polynomial and h-polynomial and the local h-polynomial when \(F = \emptyset \) is due to Stanley [51, Theorem 5.2,Theorem 7.9].
Remark 4.9
In order that one may compute examples, we list some of the coefficients below (see [29, Example 3.13,Remark 3.32,Example 4.9,Example 4.10]).
Example 4.10
4.3 Weighted Ehrhart theory
Fix a lattice polytope P with respect to a lattice M. After possibly replacing M with a sublattice, we may assume that \(\dim P = \dim M_\mathbb {R}\). Under an isomorphism \(M \cong \mathbb {Z}^n\), the normalized volume \({{\mathrm{Vol}}}(P) \in \mathbb {Z}_{> 0}\) of P with respect to M is n! times the Euclidean volume of P. Let \(\nu : P \rightarrow \mathbb {R}\) be the convex graph of an integral height function on P, with corresponding regular lattice polyhedral subdivision \(\mathcal {S}(\nu )\) of P.
Remark 4.11
The setup above is slightly different than the ‘weight 0’ setup in [52], although the same arguments hold. We explain the relationship below. In [52], we consider a stacky fan \((N,\Sigma ,\{ b_i \})\), where \(\Sigma \) is a full-dimensional simplicial fan with respect to a lattice N, and \(\{ b_i \}\) is a choice of a nonzero lattice point on each ray of \(\Sigma \). We let \(\psi \) be the piecewise \(\mathbb {Q}\)-linear function with respect to \(\Sigma \) satisfying \(\psi (b_i) = 1\), and let \(Q = \{ v \in N_\mathbb {R}\mid \psi (v) \le 1 \}\). If Q is a convex polytope, then we may set \(M = N\), \(P = Q\) and \(\nu = \psi \) above to recover this setup. Here \(\Sigma \) induces a triangulation \(\mathcal {S}\) of P refining \(\mathcal {S}(\nu )\) such that \(\nu \) takes integer values on the vertices of \(\mathcal {S}\). We also note that the definition of the weighted \(h^*\)-polynomial below is slightly different (although equivalent) to that in [52] (see Example 5.13).
Example 4.12
Example 4.13
Remark 4.14
Example 4.15
If P is nonempty, then \(h^*(P,\nu ;u)\) and \(l^*(P,\nu ;u)\) have degree in u at most \(\dim P\), with the coefficient of \(u^{\dim P}\) in both cases equal to \(\sum _{ v \in {{\mathrm{Int}}}(P) \cap M } \overline{w(v)}\). By the symmetry in Remark 4.14 above, this implies that \(l^*(P,\nu ;u)\) has constant term 0 and linear coefficient \(\sum _{ v \in {{\mathrm{Int}}}(P) \cap M } w(v)\). The polynomial \(h^*(P,\nu ;u)\) has constant term 1 and linear coefficient \(\sum _{v \in P \cap M} w(v) - \dim P - 1\).
Remark 4.16
Remark 4.17
One may always choose a lattice triangulation \(\mathcal {S}\) of P that refines \(\mathcal {S}(\nu )\) such that \(\nu \) takes integer values on the vertices of \(\mathcal {S}\). In fact, there exists a choice with the same vertices as \(\mathcal {S}(\nu )\) (see, for example, [42]). Then Remark 4.16 together with Example 4.13 gives explicit formulas that one may use to compute \(h^*(P,\nu ;u)\) and \(l^*(P,\nu ;u)\) in practice. In particular, using Remark 4.9, it follows that all integer coefficients in \(h^*(P,\nu ;u)\) and \(l^*(P,\nu ;u)\) are nonnegative.
Remark 4.18
Example 4.19
4.4 Mixed invariants
We introduce our main combinatorial invariants below. As in Remark 2.4, the corresponding invariants with coefficients in \(\mathbb {Z}\) first appeared in [29]. A geometric description of these invariants is provided in Corollary 5.12.
Definition 4.20
We summarize the main properties of these invariants in the following theorem. They may all be deduced from the definitions and the properties in the previous sections, and hence we omit the proof. We refer the reader to [29, Theorem 9.2, Theorem 9.3,Theorem 9.4] for a similar statement for the corresponding invariants with coefficients in \(\mathbb {Z}\).
Theorem 4.21
- (1)The weighted refined limit mixed \(h^*\)-polynomial satisfies the following symmetries:$$\begin{aligned} h^*(P,\nu ;u,v,w)= & {} \overline{h^*(P,\nu ;v,u,w)},\\ h^*(P,\nu ;u,v,w)= & {} \overline{h^*(P,\nu ;u^{-1},v^{-1},uvw)}. \end{aligned}$$
- (2)The weighted refined limit mixed \(h^*\)-polynomial specializes to the weighted limit mixed \(h^*\)-polynomial:$$\begin{aligned} h^*(P,\nu ;u,v,1) = h^*(P,\nu ;u,v). \end{aligned}$$
- (3)The weighted refined limit mixed \(h^*\)-polynomial specializes to the weighted \(h^*\)-polynomial:$$\begin{aligned} h^*(P,\nu ;u,1,1) = h^*(P,\nu ;u,1) = h^*(P,\nu ;u). \end{aligned}$$
- (4)The local weighted limit mixed \(h^*\)-polynomial specializes to the local weighted \(h^*\)-polynomial:$$\begin{aligned} l^*(P,\nu ;u,1) = l^*(P,\nu ;u). \end{aligned}$$
- (5)The degree of \(h^*(P,\nu ;u,v,w)\) as a polynomial in w is at most \(\dim P + 1\). Moreover, the coefficient of \(w^{\dim P + 1}\) is the local weighted limit mixed \(h^*\)-polynomial \(l^*(P, \nu ; u,v)\). We have symmetries:$$\begin{aligned} l^*(P,\nu ;u,v) = \overline{l^*(P,\nu ;v,u)} = (uv)^{\dim P + 1} \overline{l^*(P,\nu ;u^{-1},v^{-1})}. \end{aligned}$$
- (6)We have the following:$$\begin{aligned} h^*(P, \nu ;u,v,w)= & {} \sum _{Q \subseteq P}w^{\dim Q + 1} l^*(Q, \nu |_Q; u,v) g([Q,P]; uvw^2),\\ w^{\dim P + 1} l^*(P, \nu ; u,v)= & {} \sum _{Q \subseteq P} (-1)^{\dim P - \dim Q}h^*(Q, \nu |_Q;u,v,w) g([Q,P]^*;uvw^2). \end{aligned}$$
- (7)We have the following:$$\begin{aligned} h^*(P, \nu ;u,v) = \sum _{ \begin{array}{c} F \in \mathcal {S}(\nu ) \\ \sigma (F)= P \end{array} } h^*(F,\nu |_F;u,v) (uv - 1)^{\dim P - \dim F}. \end{aligned}$$
- (8)If \(\nu \) is \(\mathbb {Q}\)-affine, then \(l^*(P, \nu ; u,v) = v^{\dim P + 1}l^*(P, \nu ; uv^{-1})\) and$$\begin{aligned} h^*(P,\nu ;u,v,w) = h^*(P,\nu ;uw,vw). \end{aligned}$$
- (9)
The coefficients \(h^*_{p,q,r}(P,\nu )_{[k]}\) are nonnegative integers. For \(0 \le j \le r\) and \([k] \in \mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}\), the sequence \(\{ h^{i+ j,i,r}(P,\nu )_{[k]} \mid 0 \le i \le r -j \}\) is symmetric and unimodal. Moreover, \(h^*_{j,0,r}(P,\nu )_{[0]} \le h^*_{j-i,i,r}(P,\nu )_{[0]}\) for \(0 \le i \le j\) and \(h^*_{r,j,r}(P,\nu )_{[0]} \le h^*_{r-i, j+i,r}(P,\nu )_{[0]}\) for \(0 \le i \le r -j\).
Remark 4.22
As in [29, Section 9], after fixing r, one may view the coefficients \(h^*_{p,q,r}(P,\nu )\) in a diamond, for example, by placing \(h^*_{p,q,r}(P,\nu )\) at point \((q - p, p + q)\) in \(\mathbb {Z}^2\). The resulting diamond of coefficients is symmetric with respect to its symmetry about the horizontal axis and symmetric up to conjugation with respect to its symmetry about the vertical axis. Fixing \([k] \in \mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}\), the coefficients of [k] in each vertical strip of the diamond form a symmetric, unimodal sequence. The coefficients of [0] in each horizontal strip of the diamond satisfy the following lower bound theorem: the first entry is a lower bound for the other entries.
Example 4.23
We present explicit descriptions of some of the coefficients below.
Example 4.24
Example 4.25
5 Degenerations of hypersurfaces
In this section, we use Theorem 3.2 together with the combinatorics of Sect. 4 to prove a formula for the equivariant refined limit Hodge–Deligne polynomial of a schön hypersurface of a torus. We also give an equivalent formula for the equivariant refined limit Hodge–Deligne polynomial associated with the intersection cohomology of a canonical compactification of such a hypersurface. The corresponding results for invariants with coefficients in \(\mathbb {Z}\) appear in [30]. We will continue with the notation of Sects. 2 and 4.
Let M be a lattice and let \(N = {{\mathrm{Hom}}}(M,\mathbb {Z})\). Let \(X^\circ = \{ f = 0 \} \subseteq {{\mathrm{Spec}}}\mathbb {K}[M] \cong (\mathbb {K}^*)^n\) be a schön hypersurface, where \(f = \sum _{u \in M} \gamma _u(t) x^u\) for some \(\gamma _u(t) \in \mathbb {C}(t)\). The Newton polytope P of \(X^\circ \) is the convex hull of \(S = \{ u \in M \mid \gamma _u(t) \ne 0 \}\) in \(M_\mathbb {R}\). Note that P may be viewed as a full-dimensional lattice polytope in its affine span with induced lattice structure, and \(X^\circ \cong X' \times (\mathbb {K}^*)^k\), for some k, where \(X'\) is a schön hypersurface in a torus of dimension \(\dim P\) with Newton polytope P. Hence we may and will assume that \(\dim P = n\).
Consider the induced integral height function \(\omega _f: S \rightarrow \mathbb {Z}\) defined by \(\omega _f(u) = {{\mathrm{ord}}}_t \gamma _u(t)\). Recall from Sect. 4.2 that we may consider the convex graph \(\nu _f\) associated with \(\omega _f\), with corresponding regular lattice polyhedral subdivision \(\mathcal {S}(\nu _f)\).
Remark 5.1
Conversely, assume that \(\nu : P \rightarrow \mathbb {R}\) is the convex graph of an integral height function on P. Since schönness is a generic condition, it follows that there exists a schön hypersurface \(X^\circ = \{ f = 0 \} \subseteq {{\mathrm{Spec}}}\mathbb {K}[M]\) such that \(\nu _f = \nu \) [30, Remark 5.1].
Tropical geometry of hypersurfaces reduces to the study of Newton polytopes and polyhedral subdivisions [31, 46]. In particular, \({{\mathrm{Trop}}}(X^\circ )\) admits a polyhedral structure \(\Sigma \) with cells \(\gamma \) in inclusion-reversing correspondence with positive-dimensional cells F of \(\mathcal {S}(\nu _f)\), such that the bounded cells of \(\Sigma \) correspond to the cells of \(\mathcal {S}(\nu _f)\) not contained in the boundary of P. For example, if F is a maximal dimensional cell in \(\mathcal {S}(\nu _f)\), then \(\nu _f|_F\) is a \(\mathbb {Q}\)-affine function and the corresponding \(\mathbb {Q}\)-linear function is an rational point in \(N_\mathbb {Q}\), also denoted \(\nu _f|_F\). Then \(\gamma = -\nu _f|_F\) is a vertex in \(\Sigma \).
Example 5.2
Following on with Example 3.1 and Example 3.4, let \(X^\circ = \{ \sum _{i = 1}^n x_i^{m_i} = t^e \} \subseteq (\mathbb {K}^*)^n\), for some \(m_i \in \mathbb {Z}_{>0}\) and \(e \in \mathbb {Z}\). Let \(f_1, \ldots , f_n\) denote the standard basis vectors of \(M_R \cong \mathbb {R}^n\). Then P is the convex hull of the origin and \(\{ m_i f_i \mid 1 \le i \le n \}\), and \(\nu _f\) is the \(\mathbb {Q}\)-affine function corresponding to the \(\mathbb {Q}\)-linear function \((-e/m_1, \ldots , -e/m_n) \in N_\mathbb {Q}\). As we have seen, \({{\mathrm{Trop}}}(X^\circ )\) has the structure of a fan with vertex \((e/m_1, \ldots , e/m_n) \in N_\mathbb {Q}\).
Corollary 5.3
Remark 5.4
In fact, the sum in Corollary 5.3 runs only over the positive-dimensional faces in \(\mathcal {S}(\nu )\), since when F is a vertex of \(\mathcal {S}(\nu )\), \(V_{F}^\circ = \emptyset \). Here we follow the convention that \([V] = 0 \in K_0^{\widehat{\mu } }({{\mathrm{Var}}}_\mathbb {C})\) if V is empty.
Example 5.5
Let \(X^\circ \subseteq (\mathbb {K}^*)^n\) be a schön hypersurface, with associated Newton polytope and convex graph of an integral height function \((P,\nu )\) and \(\dim P = n\). Assume that \(\nu \) is \(\mathbb {Q}\)-affine. Then the associated polyhedral subdivision \(\mathcal {S}(\nu )\) of P is trivial and Corollary 5.3 states that \(\psi _{X^\circ } = [V^\circ _P \circlearrowleft \widehat{\mu }]\).
Example 5.6
Let \(V^\circ = \{ \sum _{u \in P \cap M} \lambda _u x^u = 0 \} \subseteq (\mathbb {C}^*)^n\) be a schön complex hypersurface with Newton polytope P and \(\dim P = n\). Let \(\nu \) be the convex graph of an integral height function on P and assume that \(\nu \) is \(\mathbb {Q}\)-affine and \(\nu (u) \in \mathbb {Z}\) whenever \(\lambda _u \ne 0\). Then \(V^\circ \) is invariant under multiplication by the associated element \(\exp (-2\pi \sqrt{-1} \nu ) \in (\mathbb {C}^*)^n\), and we have an induced good \(\widehat{\mu }\)-action on \(V^\circ \). For example, the hypersurfaces \(V_{F}^\circ \) with corresponding good \(\widehat{\mu }\)-action in the statement of Corollary 5.3 all appear in this way.
In this case, the variety \(X^\circ = \{ f = \sum _{u \in P \cap M} \lambda _u t^{\nu (u)} x^u = 0 \} \subseteq (\mathbb {K}^*)^n\) is schön and may be viewed as a family \(f: X^\circ \rightarrow \mathbb {C}^*\) with isomorphic fibers. Explicitly, we may identify \(f^{-1}(1)\) with \(V^\circ \), and multiplication by \(\exp (-2\pi \sqrt{-1} \lambda \nu ) \in (\mathbb {C}^*)^n\), for any \(\lambda \in \mathbb {C}\), gives an isomorphism between \(f^{-1}(1)\) and \(f^{-1}(\exp (2\pi \sqrt{-1} \lambda ))\). Considering \(0 \le \lambda \le 1\), we see that we may identify the good \(\widehat{\mu }\)-action on \(V^\circ \) above with the good \(\widehat{\mu }\)-action on \(f^{-1}(1)\) induced by monodromy. Note that since the monodromy action is finite, the corresponding monodromy operator T on cohomology is semi-simple. As in Example 5.5, Corollary 5.3 states that \(\psi _{X^\circ } = [V^\circ \circlearrowleft \widehat{\mu }]\).
Recall the definition of the weighted refined limit mixed \(h^*\)-polynomial \(h^*(P,\nu ;u,v,w) \in \mathbb {Z}[\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}][u,v,w]\) from Definition 4.20. Our goal is to prove the following formula for the equivariant refined limit Hodge–Deligne polynomial.
Theorem 5.7
We will also prove an equivalent statement involving intersection cohomology. We will use middle perversity throughout. As explained in detail in [30, Section 6], given a projective variety X over \(\mathbb {K}\), for each of the geometric invariants described in Section 2.3, one may consider the corresponding invariant with respect to intersection cohomology rather than cohomology, e.g., the equivariant refined limit Hodge–Deligne polynomial \(E_{{{\mathrm{int}}}}(X_\infty , \widehat{\mu };u,v,w)\) associated with the intersection cohomology of X. The key benefit of using intersection cohomology is the fact that the intersection cohomology groups of a complex projective variety admit a pure (rather than just mixed) Hodge structure.
We will need the following sum-over-strata formula. Let \(X^\circ \subseteq (\mathbb {K}^*)^n\) be a schön hypersurface, with associated Newton polytope and convex graph of an integral height function \((P,\nu )\) and \(\dim P = n\). Let \(\Delta _P\) denote the normal fan to P with cones \(\sigma \) in inclusion-reserving bijection with the faces \(Q_{\sigma }\) of P. Let X denote the closure of \(X^\circ \) in the projective toric variety \(\mathbb {P}(\Delta _P)_\mathbb {K}\) over \(\mathbb {K}\) corresponding to \(\Delta _P\). Then X admits a stratification \(X = \bigcup _{\sigma \in \Delta _P} X_\sigma ^\circ \), where \(X_\sigma ^\circ \) is a schön hypersurface with Newton polytope \(Q_{\sigma }\) and convex graph of an integral height function \(\nu |_{Q_\sigma }\). The theorem below is proved in the nonequivariant setting in [30, Theorem 6.1], but the proof goes through unchanged in our situation.
Theorem 5.8
Our goal is to prove the following theorem.
Theorem 5.9
The following lemma is a formal consequence of Theorem 5.8. Details are provided in [30, Lemma 6.2].
Theorem 5.11
Proof
We now complete the proofs of Theorems 5.7 and 5.9, which we have established are both equivalent to equivalent statements (9) and (10).
Proof
\(\square \)
Using Remark 5.1 and the above proof, we immediately deduce the following geometric description of the combinatorial invariants introduced in Sect. 4. As in Remark 2.4, the corresponding result for invariants with coefficients in \(\mathbb {Z}\) can be found in [30, Corollary 5.11,Corollary 6.3].
Corollary 5.12
Example 5.13
6 Applications to the monodromy of complex polynomials
In this section, we apply Theorem 5.7 to deduce explicit combinatorial equations for some important invariants associated with the monodromy of complex polynomials. Recall that we identify the group \(\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}\) with the group \({\mathbb {S}}^1_\mathbb {Q}\) of rational points on the circle \(\{ z \in \mathbb {C}\mid |z| = 1 \}\), sending \([k] \in \mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}\) to \(\alpha = e^{2 \pi \sqrt{-1}k} \in {\mathbb {S}}^1_\mathbb {Q}\). We will continue with the notation of Sects. 2, 4 and 5, and set \(M = \mathbb {Z}^n\).
6.1 Degenerations of hypersurfaces in affine space
Remark 6.1
Example 6.2
With the notation above, let Q be a face at infinity and consider G(Q; t). By definition, G(Q; t) has degree strictly less than \((\dim P - \dim Q)/2\). If \({{\mathrm{Int}}}(Q) \subseteq \mathbb {R}_{> 0}^n\), then \(G(Q;t) = g([Q,P];t)\) has constant term 1. Otherwise, G(Q; t) has no constant term. Using Example 4.4, when \(Q = \emptyset \), we compute that the linear coefficient of G(Q; t) is the number of vertices of P contained in \(\mathbb {R}_{> 0}^n\).
Observe that every term in F(uw, vw) has combined degree in u and v equal to its degree in w. Hence, the only contribution above corresponding to a nontrivial action of monodromy is \((-w)^{n+ 1} l^*(P,\nu ;u,v)\). We conclude that we have the following corollary.
Corollary 6.3
In particular, one may use Definition 2.6 to give a formula for the Jordan block structure of the action of monodromy on \(Gr^W_{ n - 1} H^{n - 1}_c (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})\).
Example 6.4
Remark 6.5
We present the following two examples of the above situation. Below we let \(f \in \mathbb {C}[x_1, \ldots , x_n]\) be a complex polynomial with Newton polytope \({{\mathrm{NP}}}(f)\). For every face Q of \({{\mathrm{NP}}}(f)\), we let \(\Delta _Q\) denote the convex hull of Q and the origin. We set \(P = \Delta _{{{\mathrm{NP}}}(f)}\).
We assume that f is convenient in the sense that \({{\mathrm{NP}}}(f)\) has nonzero intersection with each ray through a coordinate vector [34]. Recall that for a complex hypersurface of a torus, schön is also called nondegenerate. Let \(\Gamma _+(f) = {{\mathrm{NP}}}(f) + \mathbb {R}_{\ge 0}^n\) denote the Newton polyhedron of f. Observe that every bounded face of \(\Gamma _+(f)\) is a face of NP(f). We let \(\Gamma _f\) denote the union of the bounded faces of \(\Gamma _+(f)\).
Remark 6.6
For any proper face Q of \({{\mathrm{NP}}}(f)\) not containing the origin, consider a \(\mathbb {Q}\)-affine function \(\nu \) on \(\Delta _Q\) with value \(m \pm 1\) at the origin, and value m on Q, for some integer m. Consider \(l^*(Q,\nu ;u) \in \mathbb {Z}[\mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}][u]\) as a sum of integer-valued polynomials indexed by \(\alpha \in \mathbb {Q}/\mathbb {Z}\). Then the coefficient of \(\alpha = 1\) is zero. To see this, one may for example use Remark 4.16 to reduce to the case when Q is a simplex, and then apply Example 4.13.
Example 6.7
Example 6.8
Remark 6.9
Recall from Remark 4.9 that \( l_{\Delta ^\infty }(\mathcal {S}_\infty ,Q_\infty ;t) = t^{n - 1 - \dim Q} l_{\Delta ^\infty }(\mathcal {S}_\infty ,Q_\infty ;t^{-1})\) has nonnegative, symmetric, unimodal coefficients. Also, by Remark 4.14, the coefficients of the local weighted \(h^*\)-polynomial are nonnegative, and we have symmetries \(l^*(Q;u) = u^{\dim Q + 1} l^*(Q;u^{-1})\) and \(l^*(\Delta _Q ,\nu _\infty |_{\Delta _Q };u) = u^{\dim \Delta _Q + 1} \overline{l^*(\Delta _Q ,\nu _\infty |_{\Delta _Q };u^{-1})}\).
Example 6.10
Example 6.11
6.2 Jordan block structure of monodromy at infinity
We continue with the notation of Example 6.8 above, and let \(f \in \mathbb {C}[x_1, \ldots , x_n]\) be convenient and schön at infinity, and let \(X = \{ ft = \lambda \} \subseteq \mathbb {K}^n\) for a general choice of \(\lambda \in \mathbb {C}^*\). Recall that for every face Q of the Newton polytope \({{\mathrm{NP}}}(f)\), we let \(\Delta _Q\) denote the convex hull of Q and the origin. Recall that \(P = \Delta _{{{\mathrm{NP}}}(f)}\), and \(P_\infty \) denotes the union of the faces at infinity, i.e., the faces of P not containing the origin. Recall that \(\nu _\infty \) is the piecewise \(\mathbb {Q}\)-affine function on P with value 0 at the origin and value identically 1 on the faces at infinity of P, and the cells of \(\mathcal {S}(\nu _\infty )\) are given by the union of \(\{ Q \mid Q \subseteq P_\infty \}\) and \(\{ \Delta _Q \mid Q \subseteq P_\infty \}\). Recall that \(\Delta ^\infty \) is the simplex \(P \cap \{ x_1 + \cdots + x_n = \epsilon \}\) for fixed \(\epsilon > 0\) sufficiently small, and \(\mathcal {S}_\infty \) denotes the regular, rational polyhedral subdivision of \(\Delta ^\infty \) obtained by intersecting \(\mathcal {S}(\nu _\infty )\) with \(\Delta ^\infty \).
Following [39], one may use results of Broughton and Sabbah to read off the Jordan normal form of the action of monodromy on \(H^{n - 1}_c (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})\) from the equivariant limit Hodge–Deligne polynomial. We outline the argument below. By Poincaré duality, we may work with usual cohomology \(H^{n - 1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})\) rather than cohomology with compact supports. We write \(H^{n - 1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}}) = H^{n - 1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})_{= 1} \oplus H^{n - 1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})_{\ne 1}\), where \(H^{n - 1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})_{= 1}\) denotes the 1-eigenspace of \(H^{n - 1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})\), and \(H^{n - 1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})_{\ne 1}\) denotes the sum of the \(\alpha \)-eigenspaces, for \(\alpha \ne 1\). The induced monodromy weight filtration \(M_\bullet \) on \(H^{n - 1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})\) may be written as \(M_\bullet = (M_{=1})_\bullet \oplus (M_{\ne 1})_\bullet \), where \((M_{=1})_\bullet \) and \((M_{\ne 1})_\bullet \) are the induced filtrations on \(H^{n - 1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})_{= 1}\) and \(H^{n - 1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})_{\ne 1}\), respectively. Let \(N = \log T_u\) denote the nilpotent operator where \(T_u\) is the unipotent part of monodromy acting on \(H^{n - 1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})\), and consider the induced action of N on \(H^{n - 1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})_{= 1}\) and \(H^{n - 1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})_{\ne 1}\). As explained in detail in [39], using results of Broughton [9], we have the following special case of a deep result of Sabbah. Recall the definition of the weight filtration of a nilpotent operator from Definition 2.6.
Theorem 6.12
[48, Theorem 13.1] [39, Proposition A.1] Let \(f \in \mathbb {C}[x_1, \ldots , x_n]\) be convenient and schön at infinity, and let \(X = \{ ft = \lambda \} \subseteq \mathbb {K}^n\). Then \((M_{=1})_\bullet \) (respectively, \((M_{\ne 1})_\bullet \)) is equal to the N-weight filtration centered at n (respectively, \(n - 1\)).
Using Poincaré duality together with the symmetries of Remark 6.9, the corollary below follows immediately from Example 6.8.
Corollary 6.13
Corollary 6.14
Example 6.15
Example 6.16
Example 6.17
Example 6.18
As in Example 6.11, let \(f = a_0 x^4 + a_1 x^5 + a_2 x^4y^2 + a_3 xy^5 + a_4 y^5 + a_5 xy^2 + a_6 x^2y \in \mathbb {C}[x,y]\) for a general choice of \(a_0, \ldots , a_6 \in \mathbb {C}^*\). The action of monodromy on \(H^{1} (X_{{{\mathrm{gen}}}})\) has 22 Jordan blocks of size 1, 4 with eigenvalue 1, 3 with eigenvalues \(\exp (2\pi \sqrt{-1}/6)\), \(\exp (2\pi \sqrt{-1}/3)\), \(\exp (4\pi \sqrt{-1}/3)\) and \(\exp (10\pi \sqrt{-1}/6)\), respectively, 2 with eigenvalue \(-1\) and 1 with eigenvalues \(\exp (\pi \sqrt{-1}/5)\), \(\exp (3\pi \sqrt{-1}/5)\), \(\exp (7\pi \sqrt{-1}/5)\) and \(\exp (9\pi \sqrt{-1}/5)\), respectively, as well as a single Jordan block of size 2 with eigenvalue \(-1\).
6.3 Monodromy of Milnor fibers
Finally, we present some local versions of the formulas above (see Example 6.7).
Remark 6.19
As in previous sections, expanding the definitions above, simplifying and using Remark 6.6, yields the following ‘nonnegative’ formulas for the equivariant mixed Hodge numbers of \(F_0\). Let \(\Delta ^0\) be the simplex \(P_+ \cap \{ x_1 + \cdots + x_n = \epsilon \}\) for fixed \(\epsilon > 0\) sufficiently small. Let \(\mathcal {S}_0\) denote the regular, rational polyhedral subdivision obtained by intersecting \(\mathcal {S}(\nu _0)\) with \(\Delta ^0\). That is, the cells of \(\mathcal {S}_0\) are \(\{ Q_0 := \Delta _Q \cap \Delta ^0 \mid Q \subseteq \Gamma _f \}\).
Theorem 6.20
We note that an algorithm to compute the equivariant mixed Hodge numbers of the cohomology of the associated Milnor fiber \(F_0\), as well as formulas in special cases, was given by Matsui and Takeuchi in [40], extending work of Danilov [13] and Tanabé [58].
Remark 6.21
There is a striking symmetry between the formulas for monodromy at infinity and monodromy of the Milnor fiber in Corollary 6.13 and Theorem 6.20, respectively. The existence of such a symmetry was first observed by Matsui and Takeuchi in [40].
Corollary 6.22
Example 6.23
Example 6.24
Example 6.25
Example 6.26
The following should be compared to Example 6.18. As in Example 6.11, let \(f = a_0 x^4 + a_1 x^5 + a_2 x^4y^2 + a_3 xy^5 + a_4 y^5 + a_5 xy^2 + a_6 x^2y \in \mathbb {C}[x,y]\) for a general choice of \(a_0, \ldots , a_6 \in \mathbb {C}^*\). The action of monodromy on \(H^{1} (F_0)\) is semi-simple and has 4 Jordan blocks of size 1, 2 with eigenvalue 1 and 1 with eigenvalues \(\exp (2\pi \sqrt{-1}/3)\) and \(\exp (4\pi \sqrt{-1}/3)\), respectively.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank Anthony Henderson for some useful comments.
Declarations
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